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Energy

Running costs, kilowatt hours and joules.

Energy is the category where the physics is settled and the price is not. A kilowatt hour is exactly 3.6 megajoules everywhere on earth, and it follows from the definitions of the watt and the hour rather than from any measurement. What a kilowatt hour costs is the opposite: it moves by country, by supplier, by the season and in some places by the hour of the day, and a standing charge sits on top of it that no per-unit figure can capture. So these tools carry the constants and ask you for the rate. Nothing here ships a price, because a price written into a page is wrong for most readers on the day it is written and wrong for all of them a year later — and the number on your own bill is the only one that answers the question you came with.

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What should it convert, calculate or generate, and where would the authoritative numbers come from? A link to the standard or publication that defines them is the most useful thing you can send.

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How these tools are built

Every tool in this category runs entirely in your browser: there is no upload, no account and no request to a server once the page has loaded. The numbers behind them are transcribed from the organisation that defines them — NIST for units, the W3C for web formats, the WHO for health measures — and each page names its source next to the formula. A tool whose reference values stop reproducing fails the build and does not ship, which is the whole reason the catalogue grows slowly.

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